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The economy of Ukraine is an emerging free market, with a gross domestic product that fell sharply for the first 10 years of its independence from the Soviet Union, then experienced rapid growth from 2000 until 2008. A deep recession during the 1990s included hyperinflation and a fall in economic output to less than half of that achieved before independence. GDP growth was first registered in 2000, and continued for eight years.〔(Ukraine. Macroeconomic indicators ) National Bank of Ukraine〕 In 2008, Ukraine's economy was ranked 45th in the world according to 2008 GDP (nominal) with the total nominal GDP of 188 billion USD, and nominal per capita GDP of 3,900 USD. However Ukraine was greatly affected by the economic crisis of 2008. The Ukrainian currency, which had been pegged at a rate of 5:1 to the U.S. dollar, was devalued to 8:1, and was stabilized at that ratio till beginning of 2014, in the period of next year it was devaluated to 28:1. There was 3% unemployment at the end of 2008; over the first 9 months of 2009, unemployment averaged 9.4%.〔(Unemployment lower in Ukraine against EU countries ) - UKRINFORM, January 12, 2009〕 The final official unemployment rates over 2009 and 2010 where 8.8% and 8,4%.〔 Although the CIA World Factbook notes a "large number of unregistered or underemployed workers".〔 The Ukrainian economy recovered in the first quarter of 2010.〔(Ukraine - Macroeconomic situation - April 2010 ), UNIAN (May 19, 2010)〕 Ukraine's real GDP growth in 2010 was 4.3%, leading to per capita PPP GDP of 6,700 USD.〔(Ukraine Economy - GDP real growth rate. ) CIA World Factbook〕 As of 2013, 35.9% of Ukrainian exports went to CIS countries, namely Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. At same time share of EU countries was 26.6%.〔(Structure of Ukrainian exports invariable in 2013 ) (24 December 2013)〕〔(Export destinations of Ukraine (2012) )〕〔(Ukraine's Biggest Trading Partners Countries )〕 By 2015 the EU became Ukraine's largest trading partner, accounting for more than a third of its trade.〔(Ukraine - Trade - European Commission )〕 Natural gas is Ukraine’s biggest import and the main cause of the country’s structural trade deficit.〔 Ukrainian politicians have estimated that 40% of the country's economy is shadow economy.〔(N. Korolevskaya: Ukraine Needs a Single Anti-Corruption Project ), Foundation for Effective Governance〕〔(Azarov: Shadow trade accounts for 40% of domestic market ), Interfax Ukraine (7 December 2011)〕 Due to the War in Donbass Ukraine's economy shrank by 6.8% in 2014; it had been expected to decline by 8%.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Yahoo ) (Ukraine's Economy Contracted By 6.8 Percent In 2014 ), RFE/RL (20 March 2015)〕 For 2015 a further decline of 9% is expected.〔(Ukraine conflict taking heavy toll on economy says IMF ), BBC News (1 June 2015)〕 ==Overview== List of major private owned companies, not considering banks and insurance companies Ukraine is subdivided into nine economic regions: Carpathian, Northwestern, Podillia, Capital, Central-Ukrainian, Northeastern, Black-Sea-Coastal, Trans-Dnipro, and Donetsk. Those regions were redrawn from the three Soviet economic regions of the Ukrainian SSR: Donetsk-TransDnieper, Southwestern, and Southern. The nation has many of the components of a major European economy - rich farmlands,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=World Trade Report 2013 )〕 a well-developed industrial base, highly trained labour, and a good education system. At present, however, the economy remains in poor condition. Deep recession during the 1990s led to a relatively high poverty rate, but beginning in 2001, as a result seven of straight years of economic growth, the standard of living for most citizens has increased. World Bank report, 2007 notes: "Ukraine recorded one of the sharpest declines in poverty of any transition economy in recent years. The poverty rate, measured against an absolute poverty line, fell from a high of 32% in 2001 to 8% in 2005.〔(Ukraine Poverty Update. 2007 )〕 UN notes that absolute poverty in Ukraine already was overcome, there is only relative poverty today.〔(Human Development Report 2009 ) (2009 Statistical Tables )〕 Ukraine's currency, the hryvnia, was introduced in September 1996.〔President's Decree dated August 26, 1996, published on August 29〕 The economy has continued to grow thanks to exports since 2000, although at uneven speed and being highly affected (circa -15% GDP growth) by the Great Recession and the 2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis. As of October 2013 the Ukrainian economy is stuck in recession.〔(Big debts and dwindling cash: Ukraine tests creditors' nerves ), Reuters (17 October 2013)〕 Moody's put Ukraine's credit rating to Caa1 (poor quality and very high credit risk) in September 2013.〔 At the time swap markets rated Ukraine's default probability over the next five years at 50 percent.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Economy of Ukraine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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